The late heavy bombardment: an important source of life on the Earth?

An artists impression of our moon during
and after the late heavy bombardment

You might wonder how comes there are so many craters on the planets and moons. Scientists say that this is due to the late heavy bombardment which is an hypothetical event that happened around 3.8 to 4.1 billion years ago. During this event a large number of comets and meteoroids would have collided with Earth and all the other planets and moon.

The late heavy bombardment had also affected our planet Earth. There had been 22,000 or more craters with diameters less than 20 km and about 40 craters with diameters that are about 1000 km and several craters that are about 5000 km in diameter on Earth. These collisions could have been the source of life on Earth because some of these comets that collided with Earth were made of ice and then the ice melted to form water which paved the way for life.


An artists impression of Eta Corvi and
a planet being hit by a shower of comets

Such event not only happened in our solar system. Evidence shows that another star from the constellation Corvus also had an event that is similar to our own late heavy bombardment. That star is called Eta Corvi. It is a F-type main sequence star which is similar to the sun in our own solar system. Eta Corvi is a white star that is in its main stage of life. It is 40% larger than the sun but 30% younger than the sun.



A meteorite

There are many theories on how this event had happened, but to me the most probable reason is the hypothesis put forwarded by Professor Brian Cox in my favourite BBC documentary "Wonders of the Solar System". He suggested that Jupiter and Saturn would meet up once every two years due to their different orbits. When they met up around 3 to 4 billion years ago, their combined gravity had pushed Neptune into the directions of some comets and meteorites. Neptune would have then knocked the comets and meteorites out of their usual orbits. These comets and meteorites disturbed by Neptune then hit all the planets and moons.

Conclusion: This solar system would have been very different and less interesting if this event had not happened. Also we might not be here if this event did not happen. For these reasons I give this event on the level of importance a 9/10.

Photo Credits:
An artists impression of our moon during and after the late heavy bombardment: By Timwether (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALunar_cataclysm.jpg:

An artists impression of Eta Corvi and a planet being hit by a shower of comets: By NASA/JPL-Caltech [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIt's_Raining_Comets_(Eta_Corvi).jpg

A meteorite: By NASA [Public domain], attraverso Wikimedia Commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGalileo_Gaspra_Mosaic.jpg

Mystery beetle with amazing defence machnism

This is going to be the first animal guessing competition. All you have to do is write the name of the animal in the comments section. I will notify you when the correct answer is in the comments. We going to start of nice and easy with this beetle which is 1.27cm to 1.9 cm long. It is named after the ingenious defence mechanism which it carries in its abdomen and that is why it is one of my favourite animals.

This beetle mixes two chemicals (hydrogen-peroxide and hydroquinone) and uses a muscle called the Sphincter's muscle to inject the mixture into a water filled explosion chamber. Then, the mixture is kept in the chamber until it is threatened.

When it is threatened, another chemical called catalase is added into the mixture causing steam. The steam, which can be as hot as 100 degrees Celsius, is then fired out of two nozzles at a speed of 20 metres per second (72 kilometers (45 miles) per hour) with pin point accuracy. This scorching and strong injection of steam is fatal to attacking insects and small creatures. It can even cause pain to human beings!

This beetle is carnivorous and hunts in the night. It lives in all the continents except Antarctica. You can find this beetle in woodlands or grasslands but they can be found in other places moist enough to lay their eggs.

Summary: I like this beetle because of the clever and brilliant defence mechanism it has. With further understanding, we can learn a lot from this fascinating beetle and we can apply the knowledge to engine technology which will improve our daily lives. So, I give this beetle a 10/10.

Image Credit:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/
By Patrick Coin (Patrick Coin) (Photograph taken by Patrick Coin) [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

Video Game Review : Blockade Runner Alpha

Blockade Runner



To me this game is like the space version of Minecaft. This game is made by Zan MGT which is a studio started by six siblings called Zack, Aaron, Nathan, Micah, Gabriel and Terah. If you put the first letters of each of their names together you get Zan MGT. You build space ships with blocks and then put weapons and armour plating for protection.


There are six different types of building materials : Frame, Plating, Interior, Glass, Parts and Decor. There are also different tools that help you build your spaceship faster like symmetry. There are different types of weapons. My personal favourite is the cannon which is like a machine gun. There is a multiplayer that is quite like Minecraft in the case that they both use servers and a solo mode. There is not a lot I can write about as it is still under development.

The following picture shows debris from a asteroid. When you break ice or rock blocks, you get round debris but if you brake frame blocks the debris will be very sharp.





Debris from a asteriod

 I have built three supporting spaceships. But, I am still building the mothership. My spaceships are black with a red line down the middle and have my insignia which looks like two red squares running diagonally and two white squares running diagonally.

I built the following spaceship as a testbed for weapons and that is why I named it TB-5. You can place any weapon on this ship even the Tai Cannon which is the biggest weapon in the game.



TB-5

I built the following spaceship because I wanted a spaceship that was fast. It is named SLS-50 because it is a small, lightweight-ish ship. It only has one static gun. It is based on the BARC speeder from Star Wars.



SLS-50



I built this spaceship to attack other enemy space ship. This spaceship is the one that I like the most. It has nine static guns, ten X-blasters and two cannons. I named it as a Heavy Fighter because of the large number of weapons it has.





T-10P Heavy Fighter



T-10P Heavy Fighter firing



I did not create the following ship, I just thought it looked nice. It is called Sol. Sol is another word for Sun. It has 12 plasma cannons but when you fire them whilst turning, it shoots itself. It is very shiny when light is reflected on the yellow armour plating.

Sol



I am building the following spaceship to be the flagship of my space armada. It is not finished yet. When it is finished it is going to be the biggest ship I have ever created and the biggest ship of all the user-made spaceships I know of. It is going to have a lot of weapons. The shape of completed spaceship may be completely different from it's current shape.


CR-10 BL-class MOTHERSHIP

Summary: I like this game because you can build enormous spaceships with a million weapons and you can let your creativity run wild. Also the price is only $10. What I do not like about this game is that it sometimes crashes because it is still in development and it focuses too much on multiplayer. I give this game a 8/10.

My favourite microscopic creature: Tardigrades

In this weeks blog post, I am going to introduce you to my favourite microscopic creature, the tardigrade. This picture is a tardigrade or water bear.

To me it looks like a microscopic louse. The only difference is the name and the fact that this tiny creature can survive in outer space in the Universe. Yes, you heard me correctly. Outer space in the Universe. It can also survive being heated to a scorching 151 Degrees Centigrade and can withstand a chilling -271 Degrees Centigrade. This temperature is just 2.15 Degrees Centigrade above absolute zero which is the coldest possible temperature possible. It can also survive dehydration as there was reports of leg movement in a 120 year old specimen from dried moss! They can also survive 1,000 times more radiation than other animals and withstand dangerous toxins. Tardigrades and animals like them are called extremophiles.

This creature dates back to the Cretaceous period, which is about 65 million years ago. This was the time when dinosaurs were roaming around the Earth. Now dinosaurs are extinct but tardigrades survived. Tardigrades can be found on lichens and mosses. They are eutelic meaning all the adults have the same number of cells. Some species have 40,000 cells in their bodies while some tardigrades have far fewer. Most tardigrades are one millimetre long when they are fully grown. The biggest adults may reach a length of 1.5 millimetres while the smallest are less than 0.1 millimetres. Newly hatched tardigrades are less then 0.05 millimetres. Most tardigrades eat plants or bacteria but some, like Milnesium tardigradum, are meat-eaters. About 1,150 species of tardigrades have been discovered. Tardigrade genomes are about 75 to 800 megabase pairs of DNA which is not alot according to Broad Institute in the United States of America which is currently sequencing the genome of the tardigrade species.

I think tardigrades are special because they can survive outer space which is not an easy feat. They are amazing and interesting species that look like aliens. They might even survive a mass extinction! This animal is definitely one of my favourite microscopic species.

I would give this animal a 10/10 for their amazing survival capabilities.

Image credit:

Wikimedia Commons (by Darron Birgenheier from Reno, NV, USA [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWaterbear_(Tardigrade)_from_the_drainage_of_a_hot_spring_in_Lassen_County%2C_California_-_Stacked_Macro_10x.jpg